Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures blood flow to determine activation and deactivation of specific brain regions. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear based imaging technique that utilises a radioactive tracer to visualise functional brain activity. The radioisotope tracers are coupled with a biological molecule such as glucose, which is used during cellular metabolism and can be used to highlight areas with changes in metabolic activity. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) offers more limited spatial and temporal resolution than PET but is less expensive as it does not require a cyclotron in close proximity.

What is the evidence for changes in brain functioning in PTSD?

Compared to non-trauma-exposed controls, moderate to high quality evidence found clusters of increased activation in PTSD during resting state or task processing in bilateral anterior insula, left amygdala, left putamen, left precuneus, right hippocampus, right middle frontal gyrus fusiform gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. Clusters of decreased activation were found in bilateral precentral gyrus, left angular gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right posterior cingulate cortex, right medial prefrontal cortex, and right caudate nucleus.

Compared to trauma-exposed controls, people with PTSD showed clusters of increased activation in the left fusiform gyrus, right precuneus, right thalamus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and lateral medial temporal lobe. Clusters of decreased activation were found in the left thalamus, left parahippocampal gyrus, right medial prefrontal cortex, right orbitofrontal cortex, right precentral gyrus, left frontal pole, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.

During trauma-related autobiographical memory tasks, moderate quality evidence found increased clusters of activation in PTSD compared to trauma-exposed controls in the left posterior cingulate extending into the precuneus and the mid-cingulate cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, and the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. There were clusters of decreased activation in PTSD in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex extending into the orbitofrontal and the perigenual anterior cingulate, and the left midline nucleus of the thalamus extending into the medial and the lateral dorsal nuclei and the left angular gyrus.

Compared to people with major depressive disorder, there was more activation in the PTSD group during negative affect processing in the left inferior frontal gyrus (including ventrolateral prefrontal cortex), bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, left superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus.

Compared to people with borderline personality disorder, moderate to low quality evidence found more activation in the PTSD group during negative affect processing in the left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, right striatum, bilateral middle frontal gyrus (including parts of the left superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral), ventral premotor cortex, and the right posterior parietal cortex.

August 2021

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PET and SPECT are nuclear-based imaging techniques that utilise radioactive tracers to visualise functional brain activity. The radioisotopes tracers are coupled with a biological molecule such as glucose, which is used during cellular metabolism and can be used to highlight areas with changes in metabolic activity. While SPECT offers more limited spatial and temporal resolution than PET, it is less expensive as it does not require a cyclotron in close proximity.

What is the evidence for PET and SPECT anomalies in people with bipolar disorder?

Moderate to low quality evidence finds increased cerebral glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder in the right precentral gyrus, right supplementary motor area, right rolandic operculum, left anterior cingulate / paracingulate gyri and the left optic radiations. There was decreased cerebral glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder in the middle cerebellar peduncles, left superior temporal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus.

December 2021

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