Cost
What are the cost of treatments for bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is one of the leading causes of disability due to having a mental illness. A range of pharmacological and psychological interventions are effective in the management and prevention of acute episodes of bipolar disorder. However, these incur considerable costs, as well as productivity losses due to time off work. This topic presents the economic cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments.
What is the evidence for pharmaceutical costs?
Low quality evidence is unable to determine the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments for bipolar disorder.
November 2021
Image: ©lapas77 – Fotolia – stock.adobe.com
Last updated at: 11:51 am, 30th November 2021
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Fact Sheet Technical Commentary
Fact Sheet Technical Commentary
NeuRA Libraries
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Bipolar Disorders Library
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Signs and symptoms
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Cognition
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Physical
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Risk factors and antecedents
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Environmental risk factors
- Adult life events
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Library
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Therapies for specific symptoms and populations
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Therapies
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Risk factors
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Trauma characteristics
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Incidence and prevalence
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Incidence
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- Incidence in males vs. females
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- Incidence in refugees and asylum seekers
- Incidence in rescue teams
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- Incidence in soldiers and veterans
- Incidence in war and terrorism survivors
- Worldwide incidence
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Prevalence
- Prevalence in abuse and violence survivors
- Prevalence in bereaved people
- Prevalence in caregivers
- Prevalence in children and adolescents
- Prevalence in disaster survivors
- Prevalence in elderly people
- Prevalence in epidemic and pandemic survivors
- Prevalence in firefighters
- Prevalence in forensic settings
- Prevalence in healthcare workers
- Prevalence in homeless populations
- Prevalence in humanitarians
- Prevalence in indigenous people
- Prevalence in journalists
- Prevalence in jurors
- Prevalence in males vs. females
- Prevalence in medical patients
- Prevalence in police officers
- Prevalence in problem gamblers
- Prevalence in psychiatric patients
- Prevalence in refugees
- Prevalence in rescue teams
- Prevalence in road traffic accident survivors
- Prevalence in soldiers and veterans
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- Prevalence in war and terrorism survivors
- Spatial variation in prevalence
- Worldwide prevalence
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Incidence
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Schizophrenia Library
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Cognition
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General signs and symptoms
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Treatments
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Physical
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Pharmaceutical
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First-generation antipsychotics
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Second-generation antipsychotics
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Adjunctive medications
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Medications for specific symptoms and populations
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- Medications for negative symptoms
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- Medications for smoking cessation
- Medications for social functioning
- Medications for treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Medications for weight gain
- Therapies and medications for high-risk groups
- Other
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Side effects
- Blood disorders
- Bone density
- Cancer
- Cardiometabolic changes and weight gain
- Constipation
- Dysphagia
- Extrapyramidal
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Hypersalivation
- Hyponatraemia
- Mortality
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Neutropenia
- Oculogyric crisis
- Pancreatitis
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Sedation
- Seizures
- Sexual dysfunction
- Thyroid dysfunction
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First-generation antipsychotics
- Non-pharmaceutical
-
Pharmaceutical
-
Psychotherapy
-
Therapies
- Acceptance and commitment therapy
- Animal-assisted therapy
- Art and drama therapies
- Case management
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
- Community care
- Cost
- Crisis intervention
- Crisis planning
- Dance therapy
- Day centres and day hospitals
- Dialectical behavioural therapy
- Distraction techniques
- Educational therapies
- Enriched intervention
- Family intervention
- Genetics counselling
- Group therapy
- Home-based care
- Hypnosis
- Inpatient and outpatient care
- Integrated care
- Life skills programs
- Metacognitive training
- Mindfulness
- Monetary incentives
- Morita therapy
- Music therapy
- Nidotherapy
- Open dialogue approach
- Peer support
- Physical restraint
- Prevention programs
- Problem solving skills training
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy
- Shared decision making
- Strengths-based delivery
- Supported housing
- Supportive therapy
- Telemental health
- Therapeutic relationship
- Token economies
- Trauma-focused therapies
- User-held records
- Virtual reality and avatar therapy
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Therapies for specific symptoms and populations
- Therapies and medications for high-risk groups
- Therapies for childhood onset and early onset schizophrenia
- Therapies for cognition
- Therapies for dual diagnosis
- Therapies for fathers with schizophrenia
- Therapies for first-episode psychosis
- Therapies for insight
- Therapies for internalised stigma
- Therapies for mothers with schizophrenia
- Therapies for negative symptoms
- Therapies for positive symptoms
- Therapies for PTSD symptoms
- Therapies for quality of life
- Therapies for schizoaffective disorder
- Therapies for smoking
- Therapies for social functioning
- Therapies for treatment non-adherence
- Therapies for treatment resistance
- Therapies for unemployment
- Therapies for weight gain
-
Therapies
-
Physical
-
Risk factors and antecedents
-
Antecedents
- Autonomic nervous system anomalies
- Behavioural disturbances and psychopathology
- Dermatoglyphic anomalies
- Eye tracking anomalies
- Face emotion processing anomalies
- Height and body mass index
- IQ and academic performance
- Minor physical anomalies
- Motor dysfunction
- Olfactory identification deficits
- Sleep disturbance
- Speech and hearing deficits
- Stress responsivity anomalies
-
Environmental risk factors
- Adult life events
- Childhood adversity
- Environmental toxins
- Ethnicity
- Family relationships
- Famine
- Genetic and non-genetic risk
- Infectious agents
- Latitude, climate and winter birth
- Marital status
- Maternal diet and body mass index
- Maternal illness during pregnancy
- Migration
- Obstetric complications
- Parental age at birth
- Parental education
- Parental psychological factors
- Sex differences
- Sibship
- Social capital
- Socioeconomic status
- Substance use
- Traumatic brain injury
- Urban environment
- Genetic risk factors
-
Antecedents
-
Illness course and outcomes
- Absconding
- Age at onset
- Childhood and early-onset schizophrenia
- Creativity
- Criminal offending, aggression and violence
- Criminal victimisation
- Cultural differences
- Diet
- Drug and alcohol use
- Duration of untreated psychosis
- Duration of untreated psychosis and outcomes
- Electronic device use
- Employment
- First-episode psychosis
- Functional outcomes
- Homelessness
- Hope
- Late-onset schizophrenia
- Loneliness
- Mortality
- Parenthood
- Pathways to care
- Physical activity
- Physical health monitoring
- Psychotic relapse
- Quality of care
- Quality of life
- Relationships
- Religiosity
- Remission and recovery
- Sex differences
- Smoking
- Stigma and attitudes towards mental health
- Suicide and self-harm
- Treatment adherence
- Treatment-resistance
- Insights for families
-
Physical features
-
Functional changes
- Body functioning
-
Biochemical changes
- Brain pH and lactate
- cAMP
- Cholesterol
- Dopamine
- Endocannabinoids
- GABA
- Hormonal changes
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Infectious agents
- Inflammation and the immune system
- Lipids
- Neurometabolites
- Neurotrophins
- Nitric oxide
- NMDA receptor function
- Oxidative stress
- S100 Proteins
- Serotonin
- Synaptic proteins
- Trace elements
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin D
- Cerebral blood flow and metabolism
- Electrophysiology
- Structural changes
- Brain regions
-
Functional changes
-
Co-occurring conditions
- Mental disorders
-
Physical disorders
- Auditory system dysfunction
- Autoimmune diseases
- Blood disorders
- Cancer
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Dementia
- Dental disease
- Diabetes
- Digestive disorders
- Epilepsy
- Heart disease
- Infectious diseases
- Metabolic syndrome
- Musculoskeletal and connective tissues
- Obesity
- Optical alterations
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Polycistic ovary syndrome
- Postoperative complications
- Reproductive and urological disorders
- Respiratory system dysfunction
- Sexual dysfunction
- Skin disorders
- Sleep apnea
- Thyroid disorders
- Underweight
- Venous thromboembolism
- Substance use
-
Incidence and prevalence
- General
- Incidence
-
Prevalence
- Prevalence in children
- Prevalence in elderly people
- Prevalence in forensic settings
- Prevalence in homeless populations
- Prevalence in indigenous populations
- Prevalence in inpatients
- Prevalence in males vs. females
- Prevalence in migrants
- Prevalence in refugees
- Prevalence in veterans and conflict settings
- Spatial variation in prevalence
- Worldwide prevalence
- General information
-
Podcast Library
Title Colour Legend:
Green - Topic summary is available.
Orange - Topic summary is being compiled.
Red - Topic summary has no current systematic review available.
Green - Topic summary is available.
Orange - Topic summary is being compiled.
Red - Topic summary has no current systematic review available.